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Streptomyces scabies
''Streptomyces scabies'' or ''Streptomyces scabiei'' is a streptomycete bacterium species found in soils around the world.〔 Unlike most of the 500 or so ''Streptomyces'' species it is a plant pathogen causing corky lesions to form on tuber and root crops as well as decreasing the growth of seedlings. Along with other closely related species it causes the potato disease common scab, which is an economically important disease in many potato growing areas. It was first described in 1892, being classified as a fungus, before being renamed in 1914 and again in 1948. Several other species of ''Streptomyces'' cause similar diseases to ''S. scabies'' but other, more closely related species, do not.
The genome of ''S. scabies'' has been sequenced and is the largest ''Streptomyces'' genome known so far. The genome contains a pathogenicity island containing the genes required for ''S. scabies'' to infect plants, and which can be transferred between different species. ''S. scabies'' can produce several related toxins which are the most responsible for its pathogenicity, but several other systems have also been identified which contribute. It can infect young seedlings of all plants, as well as mature root and tuber crops, but is most often associated with causing common scab of potato.
== Taxonomy ==
The first known reference to common scab of potatoes, dates back to 1825, but it was not initially thought to have a biological cause. Isolates of an organism that causes common scab of potato were first isolated by Roland Thaxter in Connecticut in 1890 and in 1892 he described the primary strain as ''Oospora scabies''. The original culture was not maintained.〔 In 1914 H. T. Gussow renamed the species ''Actinomyces scabies'', noting that ''Oospora'' was an incorrect classification since the disease was not caused by a fungus. The ''Streptomyces'' genus was first proposed by Waksman and Henrici in 1943, meaning 'pliant or bent fungus'.〔 Most species of ''Streptomyces'' are saprotrophic feeding off dead matter with relatively few being causing disease. In 1948 Waksman and Henrici used the name ''Streptomyces scabies'' to describe the species〔 and this name was revived in 1989 by Lambert and Loria, who bought together 12 different strains that formed one homogeneous group.〔 In 1997 the name was changed to ''Streptomyces scabiei'' following a grammatical convention as set out in Rule 12c of the ''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria''. In 2007 Lambert and Loria recommended that the original name of ''Streptomyces scabies'' be kept due to its long-established use and it continues to be used today.〔
In 1979 Elesawy and Szabo proposed it be assigned to the Diastatochromogenes cluster along with ''S. neyagawaensis'', ''S. bottropensis'', ''S. diastatochromogenes'', ''S. eurythermus'' and ''S. griseosporeus'', which was later confirmed by other authors based on morphological and genetic analyses.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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